The Supreme Court ruling
On February 20, 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in Learning Resources, Inc. v. Trump, affirming a lower court ruling that President Trump lacked statutory authority under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) to impose broad-based tariffs. The Court ruled unequivocally that IEEPA does not authorize the imposition of tariffs.
Following the ruling, the President issued an executive order halting collection of all IEEPA tariffs effective February 24, 2026. The U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT) subsequently issued orders directing CBP to liquidate or reliquidate affected entries without regard to IEEPA duties, and confirmed that all importers of record whose entries were subject to those duties are entitled to relief.
The four-step CBP refund process
CBP built a dedicated refund module called CAPE (Consolidated Administration and Processing of Entries) within its Automated Commercial Environment (ACE) system. The portal went live April 20, 2026. The four-step structure, as outlined by CBP and confirmed at launch:
Step 1 — Claim Filing: Importers of record submit a declaration listing entries on which IEEPA duties were paid.
Step 2 — Validation & Processing: CBP runs automated checks on formatting, completeness, and eligibility. Validated entries move into mass processing where IEEPA duties are removed and refund amounts are recalculated.
Step 3 — Liquidation: Entries proceed to liquidation or reliquidation, establishing the formal duty determination that allows refunds and applicable interest to be issued.
Step 4 — Payment: Refunds are aggregated and issued electronically via ACH. CBP no longer issues paper checks.
Why liquidation status matters critically
Your options depend heavily on where your entries are in the liquidation lifecycle:
Unliquidated entries — the most straightforward. The CIT ordered CBP to liquidate these without regard to IEEPA duties. These are covered under CAPE Phase 1, which is now open. Importers with unliquidated entries can file a CAPE Declaration now.
Non-final liquidated entries — entries where the 180-day post-liquidation protest window has not yet expired. Phase 1 covers entries within 80 days of liquidation, which falls within the broader 90-day voluntary reliquidation period. For entries between 80 and 180 days post-liquidation, the correct path is a formal Protest. If you don't act before the window closes, the liquidation becomes final.
Finally liquidated entries — where the 180-day period has passed and CBP's determination is legally binding. This category remains unresolved. The CIT's current orders do not explicitly address it, and CBP has not issued guidance. Litigation may be required for these entries.
Steps non-resident importers should take now
The refund portal is now open. Phase 1 is accepting filings. For non-resident importers, the prerequisites are more involved than for domestic filers, but each one is solvable. These steps apply immediately:
1. ACH enrollment in ACE. As of February 6, 2026, all CBP refunds are issued electronically via ACH only. This requires a US-based bank account. Importers without an existing US banking relationship will need to establish one or work through an authorized agent. This is a required prerequisite, any importer not enrolled risks having refunds rejected outright.
2. ACE portal account access. Importers who don't currently have an ACE Secure Data Portal account need to apply now. For foreign-headquartered businesses, this process involves additional identity and business verification steps. Without an active account, you cannot submit a refund claim.
3. Entry data compilation. Gather entry summaries, HTS classifications, proof of payment, and import documentation for all IEEPA-affected entries. CBP will require complete, consistent records at the time of filing.
4. Assess liquidation status. Work with your customs broker to identify each entry's current status: unliquidated, non-final, or finally liquidated. The correct refund path depends on this determination.
5. Consider protest preservation. For entries approaching the 180-day liquidation window, filing a formal Protest may be warranted to preserve your rights while administrative procedures are developed.
What about litigation?
Over 2,000 companies have filed cases before the CIT to preserve their refund rights. The government has told the CIT that filing may be necessary: "Our position is that you have to file a claim in this court." Importers who file in the "New IEEPA Tariff Cases" group are positioned to receive refunds, with interest, under CIT-approved stipulations.
The standard administrative deadlines give importers until February 3, 2027 to file suit (two years from when the first IEEPA fentanyl tariffs were paid). However, waiting risks missing interim deadlines, particularly the 180-day protest window on liquidated entries.